I think you may need to consider the difference between ‘course’ and ‘heading’. They are different. A non-GPS aircraft might fly a consistent heading, but it’s course will be entirely determined by the wind and any air disturbances. In other words it may point in the same direction all the time, but the line it draws across the ground may well not (for which read, probably will not) match the direction it’s facing. Also, there’s a difference between automatic and autonomous operations. An automatic operation is deterministic and something like a preprogrammed flight path; it is predictable and repeatable with only the pilot able to make deviations from the programmed flight. An autonomous flight is goal-based and not deterministic or predictable, and the aircraft makes its own decisions to handle changing operational conditions without pilot intervention. GPS is clearly required for both.